Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a plastoquinol oxidase in thylakoid membranes. It acts early in chloroplast biogenesis as a component of a redox chain responsible for phytoene desaturation.
Two types of small GTP-binding proteins, ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and secretion-associated and Ras-related (Sar), are major regulators of vesicle biogenesis in intracellular traffic and are founding members of a growing family that also includes Arf-relatedproteins (Arp) and Arf-like (Arl) proteins. Sar1 functions as a molecular switch to control the assembly of protein coats (COPII) that direct vesicle budding from ER.
CPFTSY is a homolog of the α-subunit of mammalian signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor, and is essential for protein translocation and vegetative cell growth.
Phosphoglycerate kinase is an ATP-generating enzyme that acts in the glycolytic, gluconeogenic, and photosynthetic pathways. Chl-PGK is encoded in the nucleus and translated to produce a 50 kDa precursor protein and is then processed into mature 43 kDa in the chloroplast.